BRAND:
Ciprobay
GENERIC:
Ciprofloxacin
DOSAGE:
500 mg 1 tab OD
--------------------------------------------
CLASSIFICATION
Anti-infectives
(Quinolones)
------------------------------------------
MECHANISM OF ACTION
Inhibits bacterial DNA gyrase thus preventing replication in susceptible bacteria
-----------------------------------------
INDICATION/ CONTRAINDICATION
Indications:
Infection of the kidneys, and urinary tract, genital organs, abdomen, and skin.
Contraindications:
Hypersensitivity to ciprofloxacin on other quinolones
-----------------------------------------------------------------
SIDE EFFECTS
Nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, anorexia, dizziness, headache, very rarely, insomnia, peripheral, sweating, convulsion.
-------------------------------------------------------------
NURSING CONTRAINDICATIONS
1.]Assess renal function
before and during
therapy: urine output,
BUN and creatinine.
2.]Assess for possible
adverse reactions:
G.U: interstitial
nephritis.
3. ]Document indication
for therapy, type, onset,
and characteristic of
symptoms
4. ]Assess patient for
s/sx’s
of infection before and
during treatment fever,
characteristic of
urine
Monday, December 7, 2009
Thursday, October 29, 2009
Dystonia
Dystonia is a neurological movement disorder in which sustained muscle contractions cause twisting and repetitive movements or abnormal postures.[1] The disorder may be inherited or caused by other factors such as birth-related or other physical trauma, infection, poisoning (e.g. lead poisoning) or reaction to drugs, particularly neuroleptics.[1].
Causes
The causes of dystonia are not yet known or understood; however, they are categorized as follows on a theoretical basis:
Primary dystonia is suspected to be caused by a pathology of the central nervous system, likely originating in those parts of the brain concerned with motor function, such as the basal ganglia, and the GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) producing Purkinje neurons. The precise cause of primary dystonia is unknown. In many cases it may involve some genetic predisposition towards the disorder combined with environmental conditions.
Secondary dystonia refers to dystonia brought on by some identified cause, usually involving brain damage, or by some unidentified cause such as chemical imbalance. Some cases of (particularly focal) dystonia are brought on after trauma, are induced by certain drugs (tardive dystonia), or may be the result of diseases of the nervous system such as Wilson's disease.
Environmental and task-related factors are suspected to trigger the development of focal dystonias because they appear disproportionately in individuals who perform high precision hand movements such as musicians, engineers, architects and artists.
Treatment
Treatment has been limited to minimizing the symptoms of the disorder as there is yet no successful treatment for its cause. Reducing the types of movements that trigger or worsen dystonic symptoms provides some relief, as does reducing stress, getting plenty of rest, moderate exercise, and relaxation techniques. Various treatments focus on sedating brain functions or blocking nerve communications with the muscles via drugs, neuro-suppression or denervation. All current treatments have negative side effects and risks.
Physicians may prescribe a series of different medications on a trial basis in an effort to find a combination that is effective for a specific patient. Not all patients will respond well to the same medications. Drugs that have had positive results in some patients include anti-Parkinsons agents Trihexyphenidyl, Trihexyphenidyl-Hydrochloride(PAKISONAL), muscle relaxers (Valium), keppra, and beta-blockers including "off-label" uses for some blood pressure medications.
Drugs such as anticholinergics, which act as inhibitors of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, may provide some relief. Clonazepam, an anti-seizure medicine, is also sometimes prescribed. However, for most sufferers their effects are limited and side effects like mental confusion, sedation, mood swings and short-term memory loss occur.
Botulinum toxin injections into affected muscles have proved quite successful in providing some relief for around 3–6 months, depending on the kind of dystonia. Botox injections have the advantage of ready availability (the same form is used for cosmetic surgery) and the effects are not permanent. There is a risk of temporary paralysis of the muscles being injected or the leaking of the toxin into adjacent muscle groups causing weakness or paralysis in them. The injections have to be repeated as the effects wear off and around 15% of recipients will develop immunity to the toxin. There is a Type A and Type B toxin approved for treatment of dystonia; often those that develop resistance to Type A may be able to use Type B.[5]
Surgery, such as the denervation of selected muscles, may also provide some relief; however, the destruction of nerves in the limbs or brain is not reversible and should only be considered in the most extreme cases. Recently, the procedure of deep brain stimulation (DBS) has proven successful in a number of cases of severe generalised dystonia.[6] DBS as treatment for medication-refractory dystonia, on the other hand, may increase the risk of suicide in patients. Unfortunately, reference data of patients without DBS therapy are lacking.[7]
One type of dystonia, dopamine-responsive dystonia, can be completely treated with regular doses of L-DOPA in a form such as Sinemet (carbidopa/levodopa). Although this doesn't remove the condition, it does alleviate the symptoms most of the time.
In the case of Oculogyric crisis, benadryl may be administered with excellent results. Symptoms subside in a matter of minutes.
A baclofen pump has been used to treat patients of all ages exhibiting muscle spasticity along with dystonia. The pump delivers baclofen via a catheter to the thecal space surrounding the spinal cord. The pump itself is placed in the abdomen. It can be refilled periodically by access through the skin.[8]
Physical therapy can sometimes help with focal dystonia. A structured set of exercises is tailored to help the affected area.
Some focal dystonias have been proven treatable through movement retraining in the Taubman approach, particularly in the case of musicians. However other focal dystonias may not respond and may even be made worse by this treatment.
In the case of a acute dystonic reaction,
Diphenhydramine (Benadryl) 25–50 mg IV push is often used in the prehospital and Emergency Department setting to relieve to muscle contractions associated with dystonic reactions. Although an antihistamine, diphenhydramine also possesses some anticholinergic properties. Although diphenhydramine (Benadryl) is used to treat this reaction, it is not an allergic reaction to the medication. The patient should be informed of this distinction.[2]
Friday, October 23, 2009
Prayer during the capping and badging (personal)
We are the new breed of angels, in the eyes of patients we will be taking care of.
Labeled as “ANGELS” / for our care / That we will tend to those in need through love and compassion.
Today/ is truly a significant day for all of us, A gathering of the future health care providers / a formality to be recognized / to practice our noble profession/ in different respective settings/ as an aspirants in our chosen career. The profession we chose that should be coupled with commitment, dedication, compassion and love.
In this Eucharistic celebration, let us be open to the loving touch of God / In this way/ We /// as student nurses and student midwifes will become truly God’s instruments and angels of healing to our patients.
Labeled as “ANGELS” / for our care / That we will tend to those in need through love and compassion.
Today/ is truly a significant day for all of us, A gathering of the future health care providers / a formality to be recognized / to practice our noble profession/ in different respective settings/ as an aspirants in our chosen career. The profession we chose that should be coupled with commitment, dedication, compassion and love.
In this Eucharistic celebration, let us be open to the loving touch of God / In this way/ We /// as student nurses and student midwifes will become truly God’s instruments and angels of healing to our patients.
What is infertility?
What is infertility?
Infertility is the term health care providers use for women who are unable to get pregnant, and for men who are unable to impregnate a woman, after at least one year of trying.
In women, the term is used to describe those who are of normal childbearing age, not those who can’t get pregnant because they are near or past menopause.
Women who are able to get pregnant but who cannot carry a pregnancy to term (birth) may also be considered infertile.
What causes infertility?
Infertility does not have a single cause because successful pregnancy is a multi-step chain of events.
Simply described, pregnancy includes the following steps: A woman’s ovaries must be able to release a viable egg, which then must be able to travel down the fallopian tube. The man must be able to ejaculate, and his sperm must be able to travel to the fallopian tube. The sperm and egg must unite to fertilize the egg. The fertilized egg must attach to the inside of a receptive uterus (or implant) and be nurtured by the body to allow the fetus to develop and grow until it is ready for birth.
Problems with any of these steps can lead to infertility.
The cause of infertility can rest in the woman or the man, or can be from unknown factors or a combination of factors. In some cases, environmental factors can contribute to infertility. In other cases, genetic conditions or other health problems are the main cause of infertility.
Female infertility
As explained above, female fertility requires a variety of conditions to be successful. If even one of these conditions is not met, or is not met for the right amount of time, the pregnancy may either not happen or it may end before birth.
Most cases of infertility in women result from problems with ovulation. Some conditions affecting ovulation include premature ovarian failure, in which the ovaries stop functioning before natural menopause, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in which the ovaries may not release an egg regularly or may not release a viable, healthy egg. Among women who have PCOS, even when a healthy egg is released and fertilized, the uterus may not be receptive to implantation of a fertilized egg, which results in infertility.
Other causes of infertility might include:
Blocked fallopian tubes due to endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or surgery
Physical problems with the uterine wall
Uterine fibroids
A woman’s risk for infertility can also be affected by certain lifestyle and environmental factors, including (but not limited to):
Age
Stress
Poor diet
Being overweight or underweight
Smoking, drugs, and alcohol
Medication
Environmental toxins
Genetic conditions, such as being a carrier of Fragile X syndrome
Other health problems, such as sexually transmitted diseases
Male infertility
The male fertility process involves the production of mature sperm and getting the sperm to reach and fertilize the egg. Although it may seem to be a simpler process than female fertility, male fertility also requires many conditions to be met: the ability to have and sustain an erection, having enough sperm, having enough semen to carry the sperm to the egg, and having sperm of the right shape that move in the right way. A problem meeting any of these conditions contributes to infertility.
Like female infertility, male infertility can result from physical problems, such as testes that don’t make enough normal sperm, hormonal problems, and lifestyle or environmental factors, including (but not limited to):
Age
Stress
Exposing the testes to high temperatures, which can affect the ability of the sperm to move and to fertilize an egg. For instance:
Cryptorchism is a condition where the testes do not descend into the scrotum. Although it does not usually affect the ability to have and sustain an erection, cryptorchism means that the testes are still inside the body cavity, which has a higher temperature than the external scrotum.
Tight underwear—For some men, wearing tight underwear can also increase the temperature of the testes.
Smoking, drugs, and alcohol
Medications
Environmental toxins
Genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome
Other health problems
But, in some cases, health care providers cannot determine a cause for infertility in the man or woman. In addition, some known causes of infertility do not have any treatments
How is infertility diagnosed?
Although not getting pregnant is an indication of possible infertility, only a health care provider can provide a diagnosis of infertility. Those who suspect they are infertile should see their health care providers, including:
Couples who have been trying to conceive for a year without getting pregnant
Women who have experienced menstrual irregularities or who have had endometriosis or uterine fibroids
Women who have gotten pregnant but who have had more than one miscarriage or stillbirth
Men and women with certain genetic conditions
What are the treatments for infertility?
There are a variety of ways to treat infertility, including:
Medication
Surgery
Intrauterine insemination/artificial insemination (woman is injected with carefully prepared sperm from the husband, partner, or a donor)
Assisted reproductive technology (ART), such as in vitro fertilization
Most often, health care providers treat infertility with medication or surgical repair of the reproductive organs. In addition, lifestyle changes may also help alleviate infertility, such as reducing stress, diet modification, stopping use of drugs or alcohol, or reducing the temperature around the testes.
Infertility is the term health care providers use for women who are unable to get pregnant, and for men who are unable to impregnate a woman, after at least one year of trying.
In women, the term is used to describe those who are of normal childbearing age, not those who can’t get pregnant because they are near or past menopause.
Women who are able to get pregnant but who cannot carry a pregnancy to term (birth) may also be considered infertile.
What causes infertility?
Infertility does not have a single cause because successful pregnancy is a multi-step chain of events.
Simply described, pregnancy includes the following steps: A woman’s ovaries must be able to release a viable egg, which then must be able to travel down the fallopian tube. The man must be able to ejaculate, and his sperm must be able to travel to the fallopian tube. The sperm and egg must unite to fertilize the egg. The fertilized egg must attach to the inside of a receptive uterus (or implant) and be nurtured by the body to allow the fetus to develop and grow until it is ready for birth.
Problems with any of these steps can lead to infertility.
The cause of infertility can rest in the woman or the man, or can be from unknown factors or a combination of factors. In some cases, environmental factors can contribute to infertility. In other cases, genetic conditions or other health problems are the main cause of infertility.
Female infertility
As explained above, female fertility requires a variety of conditions to be successful. If even one of these conditions is not met, or is not met for the right amount of time, the pregnancy may either not happen or it may end before birth.
Most cases of infertility in women result from problems with ovulation. Some conditions affecting ovulation include premature ovarian failure, in which the ovaries stop functioning before natural menopause, and polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), in which the ovaries may not release an egg regularly or may not release a viable, healthy egg. Among women who have PCOS, even when a healthy egg is released and fertilized, the uterus may not be receptive to implantation of a fertilized egg, which results in infertility.
Other causes of infertility might include:
Blocked fallopian tubes due to endometriosis, pelvic inflammatory disease, or surgery
Physical problems with the uterine wall
Uterine fibroids
A woman’s risk for infertility can also be affected by certain lifestyle and environmental factors, including (but not limited to):
Age
Stress
Poor diet
Being overweight or underweight
Smoking, drugs, and alcohol
Medication
Environmental toxins
Genetic conditions, such as being a carrier of Fragile X syndrome
Other health problems, such as sexually transmitted diseases
Male infertility
The male fertility process involves the production of mature sperm and getting the sperm to reach and fertilize the egg. Although it may seem to be a simpler process than female fertility, male fertility also requires many conditions to be met: the ability to have and sustain an erection, having enough sperm, having enough semen to carry the sperm to the egg, and having sperm of the right shape that move in the right way. A problem meeting any of these conditions contributes to infertility.
Like female infertility, male infertility can result from physical problems, such as testes that don’t make enough normal sperm, hormonal problems, and lifestyle or environmental factors, including (but not limited to):
Age
Stress
Exposing the testes to high temperatures, which can affect the ability of the sperm to move and to fertilize an egg. For instance:
Cryptorchism is a condition where the testes do not descend into the scrotum. Although it does not usually affect the ability to have and sustain an erection, cryptorchism means that the testes are still inside the body cavity, which has a higher temperature than the external scrotum.
Tight underwear—For some men, wearing tight underwear can also increase the temperature of the testes.
Smoking, drugs, and alcohol
Medications
Environmental toxins
Genetic conditions, such as Klinefelter syndrome
Other health problems
But, in some cases, health care providers cannot determine a cause for infertility in the man or woman. In addition, some known causes of infertility do not have any treatments
How is infertility diagnosed?
Although not getting pregnant is an indication of possible infertility, only a health care provider can provide a diagnosis of infertility. Those who suspect they are infertile should see their health care providers, including:
Couples who have been trying to conceive for a year without getting pregnant
Women who have experienced menstrual irregularities or who have had endometriosis or uterine fibroids
Women who have gotten pregnant but who have had more than one miscarriage or stillbirth
Men and women with certain genetic conditions
What are the treatments for infertility?
There are a variety of ways to treat infertility, including:
Medication
Surgery
Intrauterine insemination/artificial insemination (woman is injected with carefully prepared sperm from the husband, partner, or a donor)
Assisted reproductive technology (ART), such as in vitro fertilization
Most often, health care providers treat infertility with medication or surgical repair of the reproductive organs. In addition, lifestyle changes may also help alleviate infertility, such as reducing stress, diet modification, stopping use of drugs or alcohol, or reducing the temperature around the testes.
Medical Transcription Rules
Spacing With Punctuation Marks
Do Not Type a Space ...
before or after a hyphen
before or after a slash
before or after a dash
between a number and percent sign
between parentheses and the enclosed material
between any word and the punctuation following it.
between the number and the colon used to indicate a dilute solution or ratio, e.g. 1:4
on either side of the colon when expressing the time of day
before an apostrophe
before or after a comma used within numbers
before or after an ampersand in abbreviations, e.g., C&S
on either side of the colon when expressing ratios e.g. 1:1
after the closing parenthesis if another mark of punctuation follows
when using the word “times” as x – e.g., x3
Type One Space...
between words
after a comma
after a semicolon
after a period following an initial
after the closing parenthesis
on each side of the x in an expression of dimension, e.g. 4 x 4 type 2 spaces...
after punctuation at the end of a sentence
after a colon except when expressing time or a dilution ratio
Numbers
Spell out WHOLE numbers zero through nine, use numerals for 10 and above (this may change in the near future as the AAMT is trying to standardize using numerals only.
Use numerals when numbers are directly used with symbols.
Use numerals when expressing ages.
If it is an approximate age, spell it out.
Use numerals to express size and measurements.
Use numerals for everything metric. Centimeters, millimeters, liters, etc.
Use numerals in all expressions pertaining to drugs - this includes strength, dosage and directions. Z-PAK 2 daily on day 1, then 1 daily on days 2-5.
Spell out and hyphenate fractions standing alone. He drank one-half a gallon of apple juice.
Use numerals to express mixed fractions. 1 1/2 years.
Use commas only if there are 5 or more digits when expressing numbers. e.g. 10,000, 4000.
Use numerals when expressing vital statistics including height, weight, blood pressure, pulse and respiration.
Substitute a hyphen for the word "to". He is to take 1-2 tablets of Tylenol every 4-6 hours p.r.n.
Leave a space between numerals and measurements unless they form a compound modifier. It is 6 cm below the ...... It is 1200 mL....... A 4-cm nevus....... A 2 x 2-mm lesion.......
Always use 0 in front of the decimal point if the number is not a whole number. 0.75 mg
Use decimal fractions with metric measurements. 1.5 cm
Use mixed fractions with English system measurements. 1 1/2 inch
Use numerals for: Ages, units of measure, vital statistics, lab values and in other instances where it is important to communicate clearly the number referenced. Examples: 4 inches, 3-year-old. She has three dogs who have eight fleas each. A total of 7 basal cell carcinomas removed from his left arm. (7 for clarity)
Do not start a sentence using a number. Spell out the number or recast the sentence.
Dictated as: 10 milligrams of Reglan was administered stat. Transcribe as: Reglan 10 mg was administered stat.
Exception - It is acceptable to begin a sentence with a date. Example - 2004 is going to be a prosperous year.
Plurals - do not use an apostrophe to form plural numbers.
4 x 4s
She was in her 20s or twenties (this is acceptable because it is not a definite number).
She was born in the 1970s.
Series of numbers - Use numerals if at least one is greater than nine or if there is a mixed or decimal fraction.
Example - Jeff has 1 job, 1 place of employment and 18 hours a day to do the work.
Cranial nerves - Preferred: Roman numerals I-XII
Diabetes type 1 and type 2, not Roman numerals I and II - this was recently standardized by the American Diabetes Association.
Apgar scores - Use numerals for ratings and spell out numbers relating to minutes. Rationale - to draw attention to the scores. Example: The Apgar scores were 6 and 9 at one and five minutes. Apgar is not an acronym.
Time Examples
8:30 a.m. - morning
8:30 p.m. - evening
noon, not 12:00 noon
midnight, not 12:00 midnight or 12 'o'clock or 12:00 p.m.
Measurements
Spell out all nonmetric measurements. Feet, inches, pounds, ounces, yards, grain, dram, etc.
Exceptions:
Use tsp for teaspoon
Use tbsp for tablespoon
Abbreviate all metric measurements.
Use F for Fahrenheit IF accompanied by the symbol for degree. 98.6°F
Spell out Fahrenheit IF degree is spelled out. 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
Use C for Celsius IF accompanied by the symbol for degree. 36°C
Spell out Celsius IF degree is spelled out. 36 degrees Celsius.
In tables and technical documents:
Use ft or ' for feet
Use " for inches
Use yd for yard
Use pt for pint
Use oz for ounce
Use fl oz for fluid ounce
Abbreviate most unusual units of measure when accompanied by numerals Dictated as Transcribed as:
0.8 centimeters squared 0.8 sq cm
22 milligram of mercury 22 mmHg
3.0 liters per minute 3.0 L/min
40 millimeters per hour 40 mm/h
8 grams percent 8 gm%
Symbols
Spell out a symbol when used alone (with no number).
Use symbols when they are used with numbers
Common Symbols
Dictated as Transcribed as:
Four to five 4-5
Number 3 0 #3-0
Twenty-twenty vision 20/20
BP 120 over 80 120/80
Grade two over six 2/6
A positive A+
Three point five centimeters 3.5 cm
Point five centimeters 0.5 cm
Capitalization
Capitalize...
Abbreviations when the words they represent are capitalized
The first word following a colon if it begins a complete sentence or is part of an outline entry
Most abbreviations of English words
The first letter of chemical elements
The names of the days of the week, months, holidays, historic events and religious festivals
The names of specific departments or sections in the institution only when the institution name is included
The names of diseases that include proper nouns, eponyms or genus names
The trade or brand names of drugs
A quote when it is a complete sentence
The names of races, peoples, religions and languages. Black, as a race designation would be capitalized, however client preferences may differ.
Do Not Capitalize...
The spelled out names of the chemical elements
The seasons of the year
The common names of diseases
The names of viruses unless they include a proper noun
Generic drug names
The common noun following the brand name. Example - Tylenol tablets
The names of medical or surgical specialties
Designations based on skin color, like "a tall white man."
Hyphenation
These prefixes do not require the use of a connecting hyphen in compound terms:
ante intra semi
anti micro sub
bi mid super
co non supra
contra over trans
Do Not Type a Space ...
before or after a hyphen
before or after a slash
before or after a dash
between a number and percent sign
between parentheses and the enclosed material
between any word and the punctuation following it.
between the number and the colon used to indicate a dilute solution or ratio, e.g. 1:4
on either side of the colon when expressing the time of day
before an apostrophe
before or after a comma used within numbers
before or after an ampersand in abbreviations, e.g., C&S
on either side of the colon when expressing ratios e.g. 1:1
after the closing parenthesis if another mark of punctuation follows
when using the word “times” as x – e.g., x3
Type One Space...
between words
after a comma
after a semicolon
after a period following an initial
after the closing parenthesis
on each side of the x in an expression of dimension, e.g. 4 x 4 type 2 spaces...
after punctuation at the end of a sentence
after a colon except when expressing time or a dilution ratio
Numbers
Spell out WHOLE numbers zero through nine, use numerals for 10 and above (this may change in the near future as the AAMT is trying to standardize using numerals only.
Use numerals when numbers are directly used with symbols.
Use numerals when expressing ages.
If it is an approximate age, spell it out.
Use numerals to express size and measurements.
Use numerals for everything metric. Centimeters, millimeters, liters, etc.
Use numerals in all expressions pertaining to drugs - this includes strength, dosage and directions. Z-PAK 2 daily on day 1, then 1 daily on days 2-5.
Spell out and hyphenate fractions standing alone. He drank one-half a gallon of apple juice.
Use numerals to express mixed fractions. 1 1/2 years.
Use commas only if there are 5 or more digits when expressing numbers. e.g. 10,000, 4000.
Use numerals when expressing vital statistics including height, weight, blood pressure, pulse and respiration.
Substitute a hyphen for the word "to". He is to take 1-2 tablets of Tylenol every 4-6 hours p.r.n.
Leave a space between numerals and measurements unless they form a compound modifier. It is 6 cm below the ...... It is 1200 mL....... A 4-cm nevus....... A 2 x 2-mm lesion.......
Always use 0 in front of the decimal point if the number is not a whole number. 0.75 mg
Use decimal fractions with metric measurements. 1.5 cm
Use mixed fractions with English system measurements. 1 1/2 inch
Use numerals for: Ages, units of measure, vital statistics, lab values and in other instances where it is important to communicate clearly the number referenced. Examples: 4 inches, 3-year-old. She has three dogs who have eight fleas each. A total of 7 basal cell carcinomas removed from his left arm. (7 for clarity)
Do not start a sentence using a number. Spell out the number or recast the sentence.
Dictated as: 10 milligrams of Reglan was administered stat. Transcribe as: Reglan 10 mg was administered stat.
Exception - It is acceptable to begin a sentence with a date. Example - 2004 is going to be a prosperous year.
Plurals - do not use an apostrophe to form plural numbers.
4 x 4s
She was in her 20s or twenties (this is acceptable because it is not a definite number).
She was born in the 1970s.
Series of numbers - Use numerals if at least one is greater than nine or if there is a mixed or decimal fraction.
Example - Jeff has 1 job, 1 place of employment and 18 hours a day to do the work.
Cranial nerves - Preferred: Roman numerals I-XII
Diabetes type 1 and type 2, not Roman numerals I and II - this was recently standardized by the American Diabetes Association.
Apgar scores - Use numerals for ratings and spell out numbers relating to minutes. Rationale - to draw attention to the scores. Example: The Apgar scores were 6 and 9 at one and five minutes. Apgar is not an acronym.
Time Examples
8:30 a.m. - morning
8:30 p.m. - evening
noon, not 12:00 noon
midnight, not 12:00 midnight or 12 'o'clock or 12:00 p.m.
Measurements
Spell out all nonmetric measurements. Feet, inches, pounds, ounces, yards, grain, dram, etc.
Exceptions:
Use tsp for teaspoon
Use tbsp for tablespoon
Abbreviate all metric measurements.
Use F for Fahrenheit IF accompanied by the symbol for degree. 98.6°F
Spell out Fahrenheit IF degree is spelled out. 98.6 degrees Fahrenheit.
Use C for Celsius IF accompanied by the symbol for degree. 36°C
Spell out Celsius IF degree is spelled out. 36 degrees Celsius.
In tables and technical documents:
Use ft or ' for feet
Use " for inches
Use yd for yard
Use pt for pint
Use oz for ounce
Use fl oz for fluid ounce
Abbreviate most unusual units of measure when accompanied by numerals Dictated as Transcribed as:
0.8 centimeters squared 0.8 sq cm
22 milligram of mercury 22 mmHg
3.0 liters per minute 3.0 L/min
40 millimeters per hour 40 mm/h
8 grams percent 8 gm%
Symbols
Spell out a symbol when used alone (with no number).
Use symbols when they are used with numbers
Common Symbols
Dictated as Transcribed as:
Four to five 4-5
Number 3 0 #3-0
Twenty-twenty vision 20/20
BP 120 over 80 120/80
Grade two over six 2/6
A positive A+
Three point five centimeters 3.5 cm
Point five centimeters 0.5 cm
Capitalization
Capitalize...
Abbreviations when the words they represent are capitalized
The first word following a colon if it begins a complete sentence or is part of an outline entry
Most abbreviations of English words
The first letter of chemical elements
The names of the days of the week, months, holidays, historic events and religious festivals
The names of specific departments or sections in the institution only when the institution name is included
The names of diseases that include proper nouns, eponyms or genus names
The trade or brand names of drugs
A quote when it is a complete sentence
The names of races, peoples, religions and languages. Black, as a race designation would be capitalized, however client preferences may differ.
Do Not Capitalize...
The spelled out names of the chemical elements
The seasons of the year
The common names of diseases
The names of viruses unless they include a proper noun
Generic drug names
The common noun following the brand name. Example - Tylenol tablets
The names of medical or surgical specialties
Designations based on skin color, like "a tall white man."
Hyphenation
These prefixes do not require the use of a connecting hyphen in compound terms:
ante intra semi
anti micro sub
bi mid super
co non supra
contra over trans
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